China inyika huru yekugadzira zvinhu, kunyanya ichikurudzirwa nekukura kwehupfumi hwenyika, maindasitiri ekugadzira zvinhu eChina akawana mhedzisiro yakanaka kwazvo. Muindasitiri yemichina,magiyandizvo zvinhu zvakakosha uye zvisingakoshi, zvinoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi hwenyika. Kubudirira kukuru kweindasitiri yekugadzira zvinhu muChina kwakatungamira kufambira mberi nekukurumidza kweindasitiri yezvishandiso.

Parizvino, hunyanzvi hwekuzvimiririra hwave dingindira guru regiya indasitiri, uye yakaunzawo nguva yekuchinja. Mazuva ano, kugadzira zvinhu zvine hungwaru kwave mutemo mutsva unosimudzirwa nehurumende. Indasitiri yezvigadzirwa zvine hunhu hwekugadzika uye huwandu hukuru, uye zviri nyore kuona shanduko kuenda kunzira ine hungwaru. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti dambudziko guru remakambani ekugadzira zvigadzirwa parizvino kudiwa kukuru kwekuchinja maitiro ekugadzira uye kuvandudza mwero we otomatiki yefekitori.

Chekutanga, mamiriro ekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yezvishandiso zveChina

Indasitiri yemidziyo yemagetsi ndiyo indasitiri huru muindasitiri yekugadzira michina yeChina. Ine hukama hwakawanda hwemaindasitiri, inotora mabasa akawanda, uye ine mari yakawanda yehunyanzvi. Iyi ivimbiso yakakosha yekuti indasitiri yekugadzira michina iwane kuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji.

Mushure memakore makumi matatu ebudiriro, Chinagiya Indasitiri yakabatanidzwa zvizere muhurongwa hwekutsigira hwepasi rose, uye yakagadzira hurongwa hwemaindasitiri hwakakwana kupfuura dzose pasi rose. Yagara ichiita shanduko kubva pakuchinja kubva padanho repasi kuenda padanho repakati, hurongwa hwetekinoroji yegiya uye hurongwa hwetekinoroji yegiya hwakagadzirwa. Maindasitiri emota, mota, simba remhepo uye michina yekuvaka ndiwo anotungamira kukura kweindasitiri yegiya renyika yangu. Zvichitungamirirwa neindasitiri idzi dzine chekuita, huwandu hwemari inowanikwa muindasitiri yegiya hunoratidza kukura nekukurumidza, uye huwandu hweindasitiri yegiya huri kuramba huchikura. Data rinoratidza kuti muna 2016, kukosha kwemusika kweindasitiri yegiya renyika yangu kwaive mayuan angangoita mabhiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi matatu, zvichitanga pasi rose. Muna 2017, kukosha kwezvigadzirwa zvegiya kwakasvika mabhiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi matatu nematanhatu eyuan, kuwedzera kwegore negore kwe7.02%, zvichiita kuti ive inenge 61% yehuwandu hwese hwezvikamu zvemakanika.

Zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwechigadzirwa, indasitiri yemidziyo inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: magiya emotokari, magiya emaindasitiri nemidziyo chaiyo yegiya; mashandisirwo ezvigadzirwa zvemidziyo yemotokari anosanganisira mota dzakasiyana-siyana, midhudhudhu, michina yekuvaka, michina yekurima nemotokari dzehondo, nezvimwewo; mashandisirwo ezvigadzirwa zvemidziyo yeindasitiri, Minda yemidziyo yeindasitiri inosanganisira yemugungwa, yekuchera migodhi, yesimbi, yendege, yemagetsi, nezvimwewo, michina yakakosha yemidziyo inonyanya kugadzirwa nemidziyo yekugadzira magiya senge maturusi emuchina chaiwo emagiya, maturusi ekucheka nezvimwewo.

Mumusika mukuru wezvishandiso zvemotokari muChina, musika wezvishandiso zvemotokari unosvika 62%, uye magiya eindasitiri anoita 38%. Pakati pawo, magiya emotokari anoita 62% yezvishandiso zvemotokari, kureva kuti, 38% yemusika wese wezvishandiso zvemotokari, uye mamwe magiya emotokari anoita magiya ese. 24% yemusika.

Kubva pamaonero ekugadzira, kune makambani ekugadzira magiya anopfuura 5,000, makambani anopfuura 1,000 ane saizi yakatarwa, uye makambani makuru anopfuura 300. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwezvigadzirwa zvemagiya, huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro, zvepakati nepadiki hunosvika 35%, 35% uye 30%;

Panyaya yekutsigira mutemo, "National Medium and Long Term Science and Technology Development Plan Outline (2006-2020)", "Plan for Adjustment and Revitalization of Equipment Manufacturing Industry", "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Machinery Basic Parts, Basic Manufacturing Technology and Basic Materials Industry" "Development Plan" uye "Gwaro reKushandiswa kweIndustrial Strong Foundation Projects (2016-2020)" zvakaburitswa zvakatevedzana, izvo zvakaita basa guru mukusimudzira tekinoroji yezvishandiso nekutsvagisa kwechigadzirwa nekusimudzira maindasitiri.

Kubva pamaonero evatengi, magiya anonyanya kushandiswa mumotokari dzakasiyana-siyana, midhudhudhu, mota dzekurima, michina yekugadzira magetsi, michina yekuvaka yesimbi, michina yekuvaka, ngarava, michina yekufambisa njanji nemarobhoti. Midziyo iyi inoda kunyatsojeka, kuvimbika, kushanda zvakanaka kwekutumira uye hupenyu hurefu hwebasa remagiya nemagiya. Kubva pamaonero eukoshi hwemagiya (kusanganisira michina yegiya), magiya akasiyana-siyana emotokari anopfuura 60%, uye mamwe magiya asingasviki 40%. Muna 2017, vagadziri vemotokari vakasiyana-siyana vakagadzira nekutengesa mota dzinosvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, dzakashongedzerwa nemagiya emaoko, magiya eotomatiki, madhiraivha ekutyaira nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvegiya zvinosvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mana eyuan. Muna 2017, 126.61GW yesimba idzva rekugadzira magetsi rakawedzerwa munyika yese. Pakati pazvo, simba remagetsi rinosvika 45.1GW rakaiswa, simba remagetsi rinosvika 9.13GW rakaiswa mumvura, simba remhepo rinosvika 16.23GW rakaiswa pagrid, simba rezuva rinosvika 53.99GW rakaiswa pagrid, uye simba renyukireya rinosvika 2.16GW rakaiswa. Midziyo iyi yekugadzira magetsi ine zvigadzirwa zvemagiya zvakaita semagiya emagetsi anowedzera kumhanya uye zvinoderedza simba remagetsi zvinosvika mabhiriyoni eyuan.

Mumakore achangopfuura, nerutsigiro rwemitemo nemari, kugona kwekuvandudza indasitiri kwakawedzerwa zvakanyanya. Mamwe makambani anotungamira muindasitiri iyi akatanga mapuratifomu matsva eR&D akadai senzvimbo dzehunyanzvi hwemabhizinesi enyika, nzvimbo dzebasa dze postdoctoral, nzvimbo dzebasa dzedzidzo, uye masangano ekutsvagisa mabhizinesi, zvichiisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwekuvandudza. Huwandu hwemapatent ane mvumo hwakakwirira uye hwemhando yepamusoro, kunyanya huwandu hwemapatent ekugadzira hwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Kubudirira kukuru kwakaitwa mukubudirira kwesainzi netekinoroji, uye tekinoroji yekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagiya emhando yepamusoro senge racks hombe dzemamodule, magiya epasi ane mutoro mukuru, uye ma 8AT automatic transmissions eThree Gorges ship lift asvika padanho repamusoro repasi rose. Makambani akasiyana anotarisa kuminda yakasiyana yekushandisa zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo uye zvakanakira. Bhizinesi rimwe chete rinotora chikamu chidiki chemugove wemusika wese, uye huwandu hwemagiya emuno hwakaderera.

2. Mafambiro ekufambira mberi mune ramangwana muindasitiri yezvishandiso

Kuisa magetsi, kuchinjika, njere uye huremu hwakareruka ndizvo zviri kutungamirwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvemangwana, izvo zviri matambudziko uye mikana kumakambani emidziyo yechinyakare.

Kuisa magetsi: Kuisa magetsi pamagetsi kunounza matambudziko pakufambisa magiya echinyakare. Dambudziko razvinounza nderekuti: kune rumwe rutivi, kufambiswa kwemagiya echinyakare kunovandudzwa kuita chimiro chiri nyore uye chakareruka chine kumhanya kwakanyanya, ruzha rwakaderera, kushanda zvakanaka, kunyatsoita zvinhu nemazvo uye hupenyu hurefu. Kune rumwe rutivi, inotarisana nekuchinja kwemagetsi zvakananga pasina kufambiswa kwemagiya. Naizvozvo, makambani ekufambisa magiya echinyakare haafanire kungodzidza chete maitiro ekuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekuisa magetsi kuti adzore ruzha rwekufambisa magiya nekukurumidza kwakanyanya (≥15000rpm), kushandisa mikana yekukura kwemagiya matsva anokonzerwa nekukura kuri kuitika pari zvino kwemotokari dzemagetsi, asiwo kunyatsoteerera ramangwana. Kutyisidzira kukuru kwetekinoroji yemagetsi isina gear uye tekinoroji yekufambisa magiya emagetsi kuindasitiri yekufambisa magiya echinyakare.

Kuchinjika: Mune ramangwana, makwikwi emusika achava anonakidza zvikuru, uye kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa kuchave kwakasiyana-siyana uye kwakagadzirirwa munhu mumwe chete, asi kudiwa kwechigadzirwa chimwe chete kungasave kukuru. Seindasitiri huru muindasitiri yekugadzira, indasitiri yezvishandiso inofanira kutarisana neminda yakawanda iri pasi. Kusiyana kwekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa uye kushanda zvakanaka kunoisa zvinodiwa zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuti mabhizinesi agadzire sisitimu yekugadzira inochinjika kuti apedzise mabasa ekugadzira mhando dzakasiyana kuburikidza nekugadzirisa michina pamutsetse mumwe chete wekugadzira, izvo zvisingangogumiri pazvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando dzakasiyana, asiwo zvinoderedza nguva yekushanda kwemutsetse wekugadzira michina uye zvinoita kuti kugadzirwa kuchinjike. kuvaka makwikwi makuru emabhizinesi.

Kunzwisisa: Kushandiswa kwakakura kwetekinoroji yekudzora pamichina kunoita kuti muchina uve wega; kushandiswa kwakazara kwetekinoroji yekudzora, tekinoroji yekutaurirana kwemashoko, uye tekinoroji yenetiweki kunoita kuti michina nekugadzira zvinhu zvive zvakangwara. Kune makambani ekugadzira zvishandiso zvechinyakare, dambudziko nderekuti vanganzwisisa sei mainjiniya emagetsi, mainjiniya emagetsi, tekinoroji yekudzora, tekinoroji yenetiweki uye kubatanidzwa.

Huremu: Zvinhu zvakareruka uye zvakasimba, kuderedza huremu hwechivakwa uye kugadzirisa pamusoro uye kusimbisa zvinoda kushandira pamwe chete mumaindasitiri akasiyana uye tekinoroji yepamusoro yekufananidzira.